Mathematics and Algebra in Islam: History and Contributions
Islam played a central role in the development of mathematics, especially algebra, between the 8th and 14th centuries, during the Islamic Golden Age. Muslim scholars inherited knowledge from Greek, Indian and Persian civilizations, then enriched it and transmitted it to Europe.
Algebra: Invention of Al-Khwarizmi
Algebra has its roots in the work of the Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi (780-850), often considered the "father of algebra". His book entitled "Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala" (The Compendium on Calculation by restoration and reduction) is the first work to systematically present algebraic equations. The term "algebra" comes from the word "al-jabr", which means "restoration" or "reunification", used in this treatise.
In his book, Al-Khwarizmi lays the foundations of modern algebra by introducing methods for solving linear and quadratic equations. These ideas revolutionized mathematics and made it possible to develop concepts that are today the basis of algebra.
Contributions to Numbering and the Decimal System
Muslim scholars have also played a role in the dissemination of the decimal numbering system, of Indian origin, by making it known in the West. This system, known as Arabic numerals, replaced the Roman numbering systems, facilitating complex calculations. Arabic numerals, combined with the concept of zero (another innovation originating in India and adopted by Muslim scholars), have allowed a great advance in the field of mathematics.
Advanced Mathematics: Trigonometry and Geometry
Muslim scholars have also made significant contributions to trigonometry and geometry. Al-Battani (858-929), for example, calculated the length of the solar year with great precision and developed precise trigonometric tables, especially for the tangent function.
Omar Khayyam (1048-1131), another great mathematician and poet, developed geometric solutions to solve cubic equations and also worked on the classification of algebraic equations.
Transmission of Knowledge to the West
The works of Muslim mathematicians influenced European mathematics through translations of Arabic works into Latin, especially from the 12th century. Scholars like Fibonacci were strongly influenced by Al-Khwarizmi and other Muslim scholars. The Mathematical Renaissance in Europe thus owes much to the advances made by the mathematicians of Islam.
Conclusion
Islam was at the forefront of the revolution in mathematics, in particular thanks to figures like Al-Khwarizmi, who founded algebra, and other scholars who advanced fields such as geometry, trigonometry and the decimal system. These contributions have shaped the modern world of mathematics and continue to influence current science.